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3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas

Received: 28 May 2021     Accepted: 25 June 2021     Published: 30 June 2021
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Abstract

In recent years, there has been a worldwide boom in mountain climbing because the activity has become easier due to the higher functionality and lighter weight of mountaineering equipment. Along with this boom, mountain distress accidents have also increased. In the event of a disaster, effective communication with search and rescue victims is important. Mobile communication in the mountains, however, is limited because radio waves from the base station may be blocked due to topographic features, vegetation in the surrounding environment, etc. Therefore, a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) could be a useful means of communication. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, e.g., drones and balloons) have become smaller and more sophisticated, with the result that UAVs could now be available as relay devices for MANETs. However, the effectiveness of MANETs in combination with UAVs in mountainous areas has not yet been clarified and no construction method has yet been established. Furthermore, in the case of mountain communication simulations, elevation differences of several thousand meters on mountain trails and radio wave propagation losses peculiar to mountains must be considered, as these conditions differ from those of common MANET simulations. Therefore, in this study, we simulated 3-dimensional MANET with UAVs using the Hotaka mountain range as an example case. Our radio wave propagation model includes the 2-ray ground reflection model, the double knife-edge diffraction loss model, and the standard model of vegetation attenuation. We simulated communication between a climber and a basecamp or hut on the mountain by MANET relayed by drones and a balloon in four scenarios, finding that the UAV expands the communicable area substantially in the mountains. We also examined the influence of rainfall and snow on mountain MANET communication.

Published in Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems (Volume 9, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11
Page(s) 61-68
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

3-D MANET Simulation, Mountain Rescue, UAV, Double Knife-edge Diffraction Model

References
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[2] Yamakei Online. (2019). What kind of cell phone will work in the mountains? https://www.yamakei-online.com/special/yama_mobile.php
[3] NTTdocomo. (2019). Trails where cell phones are available. https://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/area/mountains/index.html
[4] Okada, T. et al. (2015). Report on location detection systems for climbers and others using 150 MHz band radio waves. Ministry of International Affairs & Communication, Japan. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000350877.pdf
[5] Nakao, T. et al. (2017). Report on the assessment of the use model of the climber location detection system. Ministry of International Affairs & Communication, Japan. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000477847.pdf
[6] Watanabe, K., & Harayama M. (2018). 3D Simulation for MANET in Mountainous Areas, Proc. NCSP2018. 525-528.
[7] Suzuki, H., Asano, D. K., Komatsu M., Takeshita, Y., Sawada, K., Futagawa, M., Nose, H., & Fuwa, Y. (2013). Research on the Construction of an Ad-Hoc Network System for Flexibly Dealing with Disasters. ITC-CSCC2013, Yeosu.
[8] Cambra, C., Sendra, S., Lloret, J., & Parra, L. (2016). Ad hoc Network for Emergency Rescue System based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Network Protocols and Algorithms 7 (4) 72-89.
[9] Oogane, T. et al. (2017). Report on a study on locating persons in distress using mobile phones and other devices. Ministry of International Affairs & Communication, Japan. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000501961.pdf
[10] Ministry of Environment, Japan. (2019). Chubusangaku National Park. https://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/chubu/point/index.html
[11] Yamakei Online. (2019). The course guide of Oku-Hotaka-dake. https://www.yamakei-online.com/yamanavi/yama.php?yama_id=539.
[12] Goldsmith, A. (2005). Wireless communications, Cambridge university press.
[13] Recommendation ITU-R P. 526-15 (2019). https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/p/R-REC-P.526-15-201910-I!!PDF-E.pdf
[14] T. Möller, T. & Trumbore, B. (1997). Fast, Minimum Storage Ray/Triangle Intersection. J. graphics tools, 2 (1) 21-28.
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[16] Recommendation ITU-R P. 838-3 (2005). https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/p/R-REC-P.838-3-200503-I!!PDF-E.pdf
[17] Karasawa, Y. (2019). Rain attenuation estimation method for terrestrial radio links. http://www.radio3.ee.uec.ac.jp/ronbun/YK-022_Rain_Attenuation_Prediction_Model.pdf
[18] Nagano prefecture, Japan. (2016). Rainfall intensity formula in Nagano prefecture. https://www.pref.nagano.lg.jp/kasen/infra/kasen/keikaku/koukyodo280401.html
[19] ns-3. https://www.nsnam.org
[20] Kashmir3d (2019). http://www.kashmir3d.com/index-e.html
[21] Geographical Survey Institute of Japan (2019). https://vldb.gsi.go.jp/sokuchi/surveycalc/geoid/calcgh/calcframe.html
[22] Geographical Survey Institute of Japan (2019). https://vldb.gsi.go.jp/sokuchi/surveycalc/surveycalc/trans_alg/trans_alg.htm
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Michiko Harayama, Masahiro Nishioka, Taiki Hayashi, Kosuke Watanabe. (2021). 3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas. Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems, 9(2), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11

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    ACS Style

    Michiko Harayama; Masahiro Nishioka; Taiki Hayashi; Kosuke Watanabe. 3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas. Autom. Control Intell. Syst. 2021, 9(2), 61-68. doi: 10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11

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    AMA Style

    Michiko Harayama, Masahiro Nishioka, Taiki Hayashi, Kosuke Watanabe. 3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas. Autom Control Intell Syst. 2021;9(2):61-68. doi: 10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11,
      author = {Michiko Harayama and Masahiro Nishioka and Taiki Hayashi and Kosuke Watanabe},
      title = {3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas},
      journal = {Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems},
      volume = {9},
      number = {2},
      pages = {61-68},
      doi = {10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.acis.20210902.11},
      abstract = {In recent years, there has been a worldwide boom in mountain climbing because the activity has become easier due to the higher functionality and lighter weight of mountaineering equipment. Along with this boom, mountain distress accidents have also increased. In the event of a disaster, effective communication with search and rescue victims is important. Mobile communication in the mountains, however, is limited because radio waves from the base station may be blocked due to topographic features, vegetation in the surrounding environment, etc. Therefore, a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) could be a useful means of communication. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, e.g., drones and balloons) have become smaller and more sophisticated, with the result that UAVs could now be available as relay devices for MANETs. However, the effectiveness of MANETs in combination with UAVs in mountainous areas has not yet been clarified and no construction method has yet been established. Furthermore, in the case of mountain communication simulations, elevation differences of several thousand meters on mountain trails and radio wave propagation losses peculiar to mountains must be considered, as these conditions differ from those of common MANET simulations. Therefore, in this study, we simulated 3-dimensional MANET with UAVs using the Hotaka mountain range as an example case. Our radio wave propagation model includes the 2-ray ground reflection model, the double knife-edge diffraction loss model, and the standard model of vegetation attenuation. We simulated communication between a climber and a basecamp or hut on the mountain by MANET relayed by drones and a balloon in four scenarios, finding that the UAV expands the communicable area substantially in the mountains. We also examined the influence of rainfall and snow on mountain MANET communication.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - 3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas
    AU  - Michiko Harayama
    AU  - Masahiro Nishioka
    AU  - Taiki Hayashi
    AU  - Kosuke Watanabe
    Y1  - 2021/06/30
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11
    T2  - Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems
    JF  - Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems
    JO  - Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems
    SP  - 61
    EP  - 68
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5591
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11
    AB  - In recent years, there has been a worldwide boom in mountain climbing because the activity has become easier due to the higher functionality and lighter weight of mountaineering equipment. Along with this boom, mountain distress accidents have also increased. In the event of a disaster, effective communication with search and rescue victims is important. Mobile communication in the mountains, however, is limited because radio waves from the base station may be blocked due to topographic features, vegetation in the surrounding environment, etc. Therefore, a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) could be a useful means of communication. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, e.g., drones and balloons) have become smaller and more sophisticated, with the result that UAVs could now be available as relay devices for MANETs. However, the effectiveness of MANETs in combination with UAVs in mountainous areas has not yet been clarified and no construction method has yet been established. Furthermore, in the case of mountain communication simulations, elevation differences of several thousand meters on mountain trails and radio wave propagation losses peculiar to mountains must be considered, as these conditions differ from those of common MANET simulations. Therefore, in this study, we simulated 3-dimensional MANET with UAVs using the Hotaka mountain range as an example case. Our radio wave propagation model includes the 2-ray ground reflection model, the double knife-edge diffraction loss model, and the standard model of vegetation attenuation. We simulated communication between a climber and a basecamp or hut on the mountain by MANET relayed by drones and a balloon in four scenarios, finding that the UAV expands the communicable area substantially in the mountains. We also examined the influence of rainfall and snow on mountain MANET communication.
    VL  - 9
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Electric Electronics and Informatics, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan

  • Department of Intelligence Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu, Japan

  • Department of Electric Electronics and Informatics, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan

  • Department of Intelligence Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu, Japan

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